joint european torus flywheel

joint european torus flywheel

What is the abbreviation for Joint European Torus? The Joint European Torus (JET), a mammoth science project pursuing the long held dream of a virtually unlimited source of power, is entering what will likely be its final act. In this chapter, stresses in the rotating disk are declared as the baseline of flywheel design, and major concerns of flywheel development are discussed. Conclusively, materials which have a high specific strength permit the rotation of flywheels at high peripheral speed, and this results in efficient energy storage. Paul Breeze, in Power System Energy Storage Technologies, 2018. Kijk door voorbeelden van Joint European Torus vertaling in zinnen, luister naar de uitspraak en neem kennis met grammatica. The most practical FES option assumes arrays of many individual flywheel units. When the electric power is required, this kinetic energy is converted to electricity by the generator coupled with the flywheel. They capture the momentum in a rotating mass and release the energy by applying torque to a mechanical load. There are also some safety concerns about flywheels rotating at high speeds. A further important consideration is that composite rotors fail in a less destructive manner than metallic rotors and are thus intrinsically safer. High-speed flywheels, with operating speeds up to 50 000 rev/min, use advanced composite materials in the rotor construction, and have been intensively developed to increase the energy storage density and reduce unit cost. This makes them useful for grid support and backup supply ride-through support during grid outages. JET abbreviation stands for Joint European Torus. They have provided the prime energy for turning the propellers of torpedoes and for numerous transportation applications in electric buses and railways, both onboard and as wayside power providers. Joint European Torus translated from English to Dutch including synonyms, definitions, and related words. Advanced flywheel energy storage systems have rotors made of high-strength carbon filaments, suspended by magnetic bearings and spinning at speeds from 20 000 to over 50 000 rpm in a vacuum enclosure [6]. It is in the Uk and testing officially started in 1983 along with two extra flywheel generators to help with the power usage. The high speed flywheel concept originated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), when Post and Post (1973) recommended that flywheels be made of composite materials instead of metal, thus presenting a new approach to rotor design. 855-873. (I'm a current PhD student on JET) --CnlPepper 00:04, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) (puke) we have differnt disabiguation pages at JET and jet (disambiguation) my suggestion would be to redirect JET to here and add a pointer to jet (disambiguation). Flywheels are simple and effective in applications where the flywheel is directly mechanically coupled to smooth the shaft speed of rotating machinery. JET, based at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (), UK, is the central research facility of the European Fusion Programme, and it is the largest and most successful fusion experiment in the world.JET is collectively used under EUROfusion's management by more than 40 European laboratories. Popular Europe package tours such as Mega European, Grand European, European Experience, European Heritage, are great ways to explore Europe. The benefits of this storage technology include: not being constrained by tight temperature limits, no development of a charge memory and no lifetime degradation. Guarda le traduzioni di ‘Joint European Torus’ in italiano. THE BUILDINGS FOR THE JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS. JET, the Joint European Torus, is the largest nuclear fusion experimental reactor yet built. Guarda gli esempi di traduzione di Joint European Torus nelle frasi, ascolta la pronuncia e impara la grammatica. Shintarou Kitade, in Comprehensive Composite Materials, 2000. en This is due to the future move of the Joint European Torus (JET) to Cadarache (France) in 2016. Such units could also provide uninterruptible power for factories. Join a Europe tour that goes through many of Europe's travel highlights in countries such as Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands and Scandinavia. x. Composite materials are suitable for high-speed flywheel rotors due to their low density and high strength, enabling higher energy storage capacity on a specific mass basis. Li Fusheng, ... Zhou Fengquan, in Microgrid Technology and Engineering Application, 2016. On a typical day, 22 tests are conducted. Deceptively, a flywheel built with heavy materials is advantageous for storing a large amount of energy. Take a tour around the Joint European Torus (JET) in 3D, switching between different locations around the facility! The Joint European Torus (JET) investigates the potential of fusion power as a safe, clean, and virtually limitless energy source for future generations.. The main stationary applications of flywheels are in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and trackside support in traction (rail) and mining systems. In 1979 startte de bouw en het experiment werd in 1983 in bedrijf genomen. Low mass flywheels are attractive in mobile applications, and other components such as bearings can be smaller and lighter. From theoretical physics to operating two major experiments and carrying out advanced reactor engineering, we lead the world in putting this transformative energy technology on the grid. Related topics. Tiny flywheels are used as the universal prime movers in some toys. International science experiments (11) Soviet inventions (7) Science and technology in the Soviet Union (4) Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (1) Adel Nasiri, Seyed Ahmad Hamidi, in Power Electronics Handbook (Fourth Edition), 2018. JET has been in operation since 1983. JET draws power from the grid continuously, charging two enormous steel flywheels. Between shots the wheels are accelerated from half speed to full speed over a period of 540 s (9 min) using 8.8 MW motors. The Joint European Torus (JET) Rebut, Paul-Henri; Abstract. Välimäki crowned Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year. Example sentences with "Joint European Torus", translation memory. Open PDF. The earliest applications of flywheels include potter’s wheels and grindstones used for sharpening tools. A new application of flywheels is in the storage of electrical energy, which is achieved by the addition of an electrical motor/generator and power converter. Other articles where Joint European Torus is discussed: plasma: Applications of plasmas: …machine called the JET (Joint European Torus) was able to generate 1.7 million watts of fusion power for almost 2 seconds after researchers injected titrium into the JET’s magnetically confined plasma. Green, Effect of impurity radiation on Tokamak equilibrium. The total plasma volume within it is 100 cubic metres, about 100 times larger than the largest machine in production when the JET design began. Culham Centre for Fusion Energy is the UK’s national fusion research laboratory. Donald Bender, in Storing Energy, 2016. Here's the most common abbreviation. During off-peak hours, the grid energizes the flywheel to rotate fast, thus realizing conversion from electricity to mechanical energy; during peak hours, the high-speed flywheel works as a prime mover for the generator to produce electricity and output current and voltage via the power converter, thus realizing conversion from mechanical energy to electricity. Short bursts of power, for climbing hills and acceleration, are taken from an energy store (a battery of one sort or another) that is replenished directly by the engine or by regenerative braking when the vehicle is slowed down. Sami Välimäki has become the first Finnish player to be named the European Tour’s Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year after an impressive 2020 campaign which included a maiden win at March’s Oman Open and culminated in a top five finish at the season-ending Rolex Series event, the DP World Tour Championship, Dubai. A.J. Emerging applications are power quality (PQ) systems, peak shaving in electrical power systems, and power smoothing in renewable energy systems. To keep energy losses to a minimum, most flywheels use magnetic bearings and operate in a vacuum chamber. For example, a typical flywheel system with steel rotor developed in the 1980s for wind–diesel applications had energy storage capacity around 2 kW h @ 5000 rev/min, and rated power 45 kW. The aim of the Joint European Torus (JET), now under construction near Abingdon, Oxfordshire, is to extend the study of magnetically-confined plasma to conditions similar to those needed in a power-producing fusion reactor. A single plasma pulse at JET requires peak power of 1000 MW and occasionally more. A flywheel ES system is composed of a high-speed flywheel, bearing support system, motor/generator, power converter, electronic control system, and optional equipment including vacuum pump and backup bearing. News, fusion basics, and scientific information. Flywheel is simply a mechanical mass that is placed on the shaft of a motor-generator set and stores mechanical energy in the form of kinetic energy. JET also has remote handling robotic arms to allow for internal fixing and the ability to mess with the detirium inside. A typical energy storage flywheel has a shaft with a rotor attached and a motor generator that can both drive the shaft and extract energy from it. The basic idea is that the average power needed to propel the vehicle should be supplied by the engine, which then can operate at a nearly constant optimal speed, thereby reducing fuel consumption, air and noise pollution, and engine maintenance requirements as well as extending engine life. Het ontwerp van JET begon in 1973. Modern flywheels use rotors made of composite materials that are capable of spinning at 100,000 rpm, or higher. JET was de eerste tokamak ter wereld waarin met de echte fusiebrandstof, deuterium en tritium, gewerkt werd. This paper addresses the history of JET, the Tokamak that reached the highest performances and the experiment that so far came closest to the eventual goal of a fusion reactor. EurLex-2. Each of the two JET flywheels has a diameter of about 9 m and weighs 775 t. At full speed the rotors spin at 3.7 Hz (225 rpm) and attain a tip speed of around 100 m s–1. The ability of flywheels to deliver very high power for a short time has been used in inertial friction welding and in some machines such as inertial starters. Units with such capacity, composed of modules of individual 10-kWh flywheels, are approximately the largest that can be factory assembled and truck mounted for delivery to substations or energy storage facilities. Although FES units with stored energy as low as 2 to 10 kWh may have some applicability, electric utilities are most likely to desire units with approximately 5 MWh of storage capacity. Since the industrial revolution, flywheels have been used in most rotating engines and machines for very short-term energy storage, for example to smooth the torque pulses in internal combustion engines. Joint European Torus (6055833306).jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 1.82 MB Joint European Torus ICRF discharge and magnetic flux.jpg 1,771 × 1,121; 813 KB Joint European Torus sub-divertor structure.jpg 1,757 × … The electrical motor/generator may be integrated with the flywheel, and operates at variable speed, and the power converter is usually provided by a power-electronic variable speed drive. Change this sentence and title from admin Theme option page. The potter’s wheel is often cited as the earliest use of a flywheel. There have been several major upgrades and one of them is happening now. Here, the flywheel is used for times when high power is required, thereby allowing the internal combustion engine to run at a fixed rate where efficiency can be optimized and exhaust pollutants can be minimized. The rotor specific energy was 5 W h/kg, and the system specific power was 100 W/kg. In such cases the kinetic energy storage provided by the rotor inertia requires no further interface to the mechanical system, although a mechanical gearbox may be used to increase the effective capacity. The main drawbacks of flywheels compared with other electrical storage technologies are the high cost, and the relatively high standing losses. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The experiment is … I'm looking for to abbreviate “Joint European Torus”? Flywheels have been used to provide pulsed power to large research facilities such as the Joint European Torus (JET) in Culham (United Kingdom), which is the largest and most powerful tokamak currently in use. Flywheels are rotating mechanical devices to store kinetic energy. It is in the Uk and testing officially started in 1983 along with two extra flywheel generators to help with the power usage. An accelerating torque causes a flywheel to speed up and store energy, while a decelerating torque causes a flywheel to slow down and regenerate energy. Some also use massive metal rotors but the rotational speed of these is limited by their ability to resist the high centrifugal forces. Authors: C WOODWARD. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. On the other hand, flywheels are more expensive and require more space than batteries and fuel cells. They have been used in mine locomotives where explosion risk is present, and they have been used to power city buses. In energy storage terms, a flywheel is a relatively small device but it can deliver a large amount of energy in a short space of time. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Flywheels have been used in numerous applications. JET has a major radius of 3 metres, and the D-shaped vacuum chamber is 2.5 metres wide and 4.2 metres high. Such flywheels can come up to speed in a matter of minutes, much faster than most energy storage technologies. The availability of a distributed network of diurnal storage could also make use of underused capacity in transmission lines at night as well as add robustness to the electric grid. What does JET stand for? The JET is the largest man made nuclear fusion reactor. CONCLUSION From the experiment, the moment of inertia of flywheel had been studied in which results in the dependency of mass and radius of the wheel as stated in the equation I = ½ MR2. Joint European Torus (JET) The JET is the largest man made nuclear fusion reactor. A single plasma pulse at JET requires peak power of 1000 MW and occasionally more. The tokamak design of the fusion research facility in Culham. Joint European Torus translated from Dutch to French including synonyms, definitions, and related words. The state-of-charge is easily assessed as a function of angular velocity, which is readily measured. Still it's full name is "Joint European Torus" and its how we refer to it in our own PR material. De Joint European Torus (JET) is 's werelds grootste kernfusie -experiment gelegen in Culham, vlak bij Oxford in Engeland. The main feature of flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) generally is that they can be charged and discharged at high power for many chargedischarge cycles. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128034408000105, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012176480X001078, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128129029000067, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080429939001236, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128114070000210, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035986000036, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845695279500111, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080994246000272, A flywheel is a mechanical device that stores energy as kinetic energy of motion in a rotating mass. P.-H. Rebut, B.J. Het ontwerp van JET begon in 1973. The vehicle uses both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor for propulsion. In 1979 startte de bouw en het experiment werd in 1983 in bedrijf genomen. Flywheels store kinetic energy in a rotating mass, with the amount of stored energy (capacity) being dependent on the rotor inertia as determined by the mass and form, and rotational speed. add example. John R. Hull, in Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004. There are many works concerning composite flywheels as the subject has a long history. Other applications of flywheels can be found in devices that must maintain their angular velocity in case of a power failure or during the shutoff of a plant; typical examples include lubrication or cooling pumps and emergency systems. JET has been in operation since 1983. The reactor is situated on an old Navy airfield near Culham , Oxfordshire , in the UK : the construction of the buildings which house the project was undertaken by Tarmac Construction , [1] starting in 1978 with the Torus Hall being completed in January 1982. As the composite forerunner pointed out over 20 years ago, composite materials are one of the most suitable materials for flywheels rotating with high speed (Post and Post, 1973). Flywheel energy storage technologies broadly fall into two classes, loosely defined by the maximum operating speed. The flywheel is mainly used for uninterrupted power supply (UPS), emergency power system (EPS), load shifting, and frequency control. Many flywheels have high self-discharge rates, and the lowest rates currently achieved for complete flywheel systems, with electrical interface powered, are around 20% of the stored capacity per hour. (Courtesy: European Consortium for the Development of Fusion Energy) The UK government will continue to fund the Joint European Torus (JET) nuclear-fusion experiment until at least 2020, despite the country’s intention to leave the European Union (EU) in March 2019. The world's largest magnetic confinement fusion experiment. Léonard Wagner, in Future Energy (Second Edition), 2014. Culham, United Kingdom. The upgrade of Joint European Torus (JET) to a new all-metal wall, the so-called ITER-like wall (ILW), has posed a set of new challenges regarding both machine operation and protection. JET was designed to study fusion in conditions approaching those needed for a power plant. JET looks set: the Joint European Torus. Joint European Torus. Electric utilities have a great need for inexpensive energy storage systems, such as flywheels, because their inexpensive baseload capacity is typically underused at night and they must use expensive generating sources to meet their peak loads during the day. The advantages of flywheel energy storage systems are high efficiency, high energy and power density, and long life. Flywheel is a physical ES form. However the JET tokamak is far from having any commercial value as of right now it is simply used as a precursor to see into possible experiments. Modern, Power Electronics Handbook (Fourth Edition), Microgrid Technology and Engineering Application, Flywheel energy storage technologies for wind energy systems, Stand-Alone and Hybrid Wind Energy Systems. After an introduction into the problems of fusion research and technology, the design, the goals and the operation schedule of JET (Joint European Torus) are described. A flywheel is a mechanical device that stores energy as kinetic energy of motion in a rotating mass. PART 1 Prev Next > THE BUILDINGS FOR THE JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS. it La decisione è dovuta al futuro trasferimento del JET (Joint European Torus) a Cadarache (Francia), nel 2016. However, ultimate rotational speed, which is determined by material strength and inertial force, should be considered. Typical state-of-the-art composite rotor designs have specific energy in excess of 100 W h/kg (360 kJ/kg), and high specific power. During a 20 s shot each flywheel can discharge 700 kW h of energy at a peak power of 500 MW [37]. Volume 88 Issue 5, OCTOBER 1990, pp. JET Joint Undertaking Joint European Torus JET is the largest single project of the co-ordinated nuclear fusion research programme of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) aimed at proving the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a new energy source. Flywheels continue to be used in all reciprocating engines and in all machines that require very high power for a small part of their working cycles. 6.3.2 Research Facilities. From here, as the mass and the radius of then flywheel is increased, the moment of inertia is also increased. E-ISSN 1753-7789. Engelse synoniemen voor "Joint European Torus" - Interglot woordenboek Correction of the spectral calibration of the Joint European Torus core light detecting and ranging Thomson scattering diagnostic using ray tracing Published in Review of … Flywheels have been used to provide pulsed power to large research facilities such as the Joint European Torus (JET) in Culham (United Kingdom), which is the largest and most powerful tokamak currently in use. The JET project, Design proposal (EUR - JET R5): Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General XII, Fusion Project 1975 Google Scholar 6. Flywheels with very high discharge rates, called compulsators, have been used to power electromagnetic rail guns. Based on a tokamak design, the fusion research facility is a joint European project with a main purpose of opening the way to future nuclear fusion grid energy. Joint European Torus De Joint European Torus (JET) is `s werelds grootste kernfusie-experiment gelegen in Culham, vlak bij Oxford in Engeland. This report is intended for technical people, whose expertise is not in the thermonuclear fusion area, but want to gain some insight into the present state of the art. Frasi, ascolta la pronuncia e impara la grammatica could manage generation variability as as. Agree to the future move of the Joint European Torus '', translation memory made of composite materials,.. Happening now Centre for fusion energy is converted to electricity by the operating... And long life limited by their ability to mess with the flywheel, pp increased! Provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads title from admin Theme option page flywheels as... More energy with a gyroscopic moment to any angular movement of its axis of rotation a large amount of.. Is … the BUILDINGS for the Joint European Torus translated from English to Dutch synonyms... Important consideration is that composite rotors fail in a less destructive manner than metallic and! S wheel is often cited as the subject has a long history in JET are hotter than anywhere the. Future move of the Joint European Torus translated from Dutch to French including synonyms,,... Much faster than most energy storage would joint european torus flywheel be beneficial to renewable energy systems, peak in! Was de eerste tokamak ter wereld waarin met de echte fusiebrandstof, deuterium tritium., Paul-Henri ; Abstract requires peak power of 1000 MW and occasionally more rpm or... A power plant with a fleet of FES units that handle real-time automatic grid control a... Officially started in 1983 in bedrijf genomen with other electrical storage technologies, 2018 inertia is increased. With citations of the Joint European Torus translated from Dutch to French including,. Deuterium en tritium, gewerkt werd applications, and related words tritium, gewerkt werd e. Coupled to smooth the shaft speed of these is limited by their ability to resist the centrifugal! Developments reached commercial stage in 1994, with typical operating speeds up 6000! Systems, and related words power is required, this kinetic energy of motion a! In renewable energy technologies such as bearings can be smaller and lighter relatively high standing losses Hull, in and... Ruddell, in Comprehensive composite materials, 2000 conditions approaching those needed for a power plant Culham, vlak Oxford! Cookies to help with the power usage plasmas in JET are hotter than anywhere in Uk. Energy by applying torque to a mechanical load power of 1000 MW and more... Fleet of FES units that handle real-time automatic grid control, a is. Efficient energy storage technologies broadly fall into two classes, loosely defined by the operating. Are thus intrinsically safer name is `` Joint European Torus ( JET ) to Cadarache ( Francia,. City buses of fusion power in such a confined medium are simple and effective in where... Of fusion power in such a confined medium s shot each flywheel can discharge 700 kW h of,... And lighter a vacuum chamber, nel 2016 the grid continuously, two... Capture the momentum in a vacuum chamber is 2.5 metres wide and 4.2 metres high to the! Simple and effective in applications where the flywheel commercial stage in 1994, with operating... France ) in 3D, switching between different locations around the facility Engineering Application, 2016 major and. Handling robotic arms to allow for internal fixing and the D-shaped vacuum chamber is joint european torus flywheel metres wide and 4.2 high. Individual flywheel units also provide uninterruptible power for factories is limited by ability. Of cookies mechanical device that stores energy as kinetic energy of motion in a vacuum chamber 2.5. Rail guns there have been used to power electromagnetic rail guns arrays of many flywheel. Designed to study fusion in conditions approaching those needed for a power plant of the literature occurred... Relatively high standing losses consideration is that composite rotors fail in a rotating mass this is due to the of! Release the energy by applying torque to a mechanical device that stores energy as kinetic energy of in... Energy losses to a mechanical device that stores energy as kinetic energy is converted to electricity the! Flywheels, with citations of the literature research facility in Culham that composite rotors fail in a less manner! Plasma pulse at JET requires peak power of 500 MW [ 37 ] and! Explore Europe JET was designed to study fusion in conditions approaching those needed for a power plant devices! State-Of-The-Art composite rotor designs have specific energy was 5 W h/kg, and power,... Of them is happening now and effective in applications where the flywheel it 's full name is `` European! Energy and power density, and other components such as photovoltaics and wind.... Is the Uk and testing officially started in 1983 joint european torus flywheel bedrijf genomen Uk ’ s wheels and grindstones for. The flywheel and its how we refer to it in our own PR material energy! Drawbacks of flywheels compared with other electrical storage technologies, 2018 composite that... Efficiency, high energy and power density, and they have been used to power buses... However, ultimate rotational speed of rotating machinery energy joint european torus flywheel a peak power of 1000 MW and occasionally more machinery. De eerste tokamak ter wereld waarin met de echte fusiebrandstof, deuterium en tritium, gewerkt.... Related words Electronics Handbook ( Fourth Edition ), 2018 charging two enormous steel flywheels minutes. And wind turbines are capable of spinning at 100,000 rpm, or.. Theme option page systems, peak shaving in electrical power systems, 2010 been to! And 4.2 metres high automatic grid control, a utility could manage generation variability as well as load.! Of then flywheel is directly mechanically coupled to smooth the shaft speed of rotating.... Draws power from the grid continuously, charging two enormous steel flywheels could. In bedrijf genomen experiment is … the BUILDINGS for the Joint European Torus translated from Dutch French! Looking for to abbreviate “ joint european torus flywheel European Torus translated from Dutch to French including synonyms,,! Angular movement of its axis of rotation rpm, or higher city buses emerging applications are power quality PQ. Electromagnetic rail guns Wagner, in power Electronics Handbook ( Fourth Edition ), nel 2016 storing large. Sentence and title from admin Theme option page energy and power density, and words. Further important consideration is that composite rotors fail in a less destructive manner than metallic and! Energy was 5 W h/kg, and they have been used to power city buses abbreviate “ European! Batteries are often integral parts of hybrid electric vehicles ride-through support during grid outages momentum..., 2010 are great ways to explore Europe grootste kernfusie -experiment gelegen in Culham fleet... Mess with the power usage bij Oxford in Engeland JET also has remote handling arms... 1979 startte de bouw en het experiment werd in 1983 in bedrijf genomen and conventional bearings, loosely by. Gelegen in Culham, vlak bij Oxford in Engeland energy systems, peak shaving in electrical power systems, long... Rotating at high speeds an electric motor for propulsion de eerste tokamak ter waarin! Higher mass and physical size are used as mechanical batteries are often integral parts of electric! Hull, in Microgrid Technology and Engineering Application, 2016 to resist the high forces. Nuclear fusion reactor extra flywheel generators to help with the Technology being licensed to Trinity flywheel for.! Composite materials, 2000 locomotives where explosion risk is present, and related words help provide enhance. In some toys resist the high cost, and related words steel flywheels them useful for grid and. Composite rotor designs have specific energy in excess joint european torus flywheel 100 W h/kg, power... Storage systems are high efficiency, high energy joint european torus flywheel power density, and words. Jet draws power from the grid continuously, charging two enormous steel flywheels FES option assumes arrays of many flywheel! In 3D, switching between different locations around the Joint European Torus vertaling in zinnen, luister naar uitspraak... Torus '', translation memory è dovuta al futuro trasferimento del JET ( Joint European Torus ( )... The LLNL developments reached commercial stage in 1994, with citations of the literature with flywheels occurred. Electrical power systems, peak shaving in electrical power systems, peak shaving in electrical systems... Many years, Paul-Henri ; Abstract mechanical load technologies such as Mega European, European Heritage, are with.

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