mount lamington png

mount lamington png

UPNG also fostered the intellectual development of post-Independence leaders. Mount Lamington may have been inactive for well over 1,000 years prior to the 1951 eruption. Why did Mount Lamington grow in that particular place? Mount Lamington is located in the eastern part of the island of New Guinea on the Papuan Peninsula (Fig. Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea. The deposit is in general normally graded and consists of lapilli and coarse ash fining upward into fine ash. The broad structure of the PUB as an area of crustal thickening was confirmed, but the thickness of the crust beneath Lamington was found to be only 8 kilometres. A notable difference however is that although some layering similar to the classic A, B, C stratigraphy is present in the proximal deposits of Lamington, the layers are not so clearly distinguished by grain size characteristics and lack the sharp contacts that are common in classic blast deposits. in Mount Lamington and the mountain Orokaiva in some of the years following the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975. 9. Ruxton and K. Paijmans dug an auger hole on the summit of the volcanic cone but found only basaltic scoriae and no appreciable soil, consistent with the volcano’s youthfulness (Ruxton 2007). Photograph supplied courtesy of Geoscience Australia (negative number GA/5957). Substantial attention was paid to the Orokaiva in the post-disaster Northern District where there was already a history of cooperative movements, cash cropping schemes and economic development that had been deeply influenced by World War II (WWII) and by the disastrous Lamington eruption. The vigorous Mataungan Association, for example, was created in the Rabaul area in 1969, its political aspirations publicised when, in 1971, the European district commissioner, Jack Emmanuel, was murdered during what may have been a quite local misunderstanding and altercation. Drawings of the Sumbiripa myth by Maine Winny and Louise Bass. These were so-called ‘Wadati-Benioff’ earthquake zones, named after the seismologists who first identified them. The pyroclastic flows and subsequent eruptions of … The main road along the northern side of the mountain eastwards to Popondetta has a string of settlements, including two villages at Awala, together with nearby Saiho where the hospital had long since been closed. Access was difficult and helicopter support was not used until later years. Both are high, asymmetric, volcanic cones that have breached ‘crater’ walls facing the sea, together with fans of volcanic debris deposited preferentially in the same direction. This map is based almost entirely on the map published by I.E.M. One of the land systems, called Oivi (number 3 in the south-west corner), consists of ultramafic and mafic rock, which are illustrative of the close proximity of the volcano to the Papuan Ultramafic Belt and Owen Stanley Range. Were the Europeans at Higaturu Government Station and Sangara Mission at fault for not providing an early warning that might have saved thousands of Orokaiva lives? It is the omphalos kosmou [centre of the cosmos] of Orokaiva myth: the origin of death, warfare, fire—and generally of all those cultural elements established by the transforming deities—are traced to the Mountain, while the division of the people into distinct language groups is likewise a primordial event that occurred on the Mountain. Additional challenges facing the two initial land surveys immediately following the 1951 Lamington eruption included the extensive ash cover on much of the landscape as well as the social impact of so many deaths. Their language is the one most commonly used by people of the Binandere language group and is spoken widely in the more densely populated parts of … The BMR established a geophysical observatory in Port Moresby in 1957 as part of a broad network of earthquake and geomagnetic recording stations covering the Australian region (e.g. Independence Day was celebrated on 16 September 1975. However, according to Schwimmer, white planters and public servants claimed that the mission had been promulgating the false wrath of God explanation, and that now the mission was promoting the ‘geophysical’ explanation simply to counter that earlier criticism from the planters and public servants. The conclusion needs to be qualified, however, because Ruxton did not address the possibility of younger ages for smaller eruptions whose deposits are more difficult to recognise, including those from the minor, well-formed, satellite volcanoes on the western side of the Lamington cone (Figure 9.2). Figure 9.4. The question was raised in Marsh’s mind, and no doubt in others, of whether the park was, in fact, a memorial rather than a true ‘cemetery’. Explosive, andesitic volcanoes such as Mont Pelée in the Caribbean, Mount Fuji in Japan or Rhuapehu in New Zealand were shown to be near zones where two plates converge and where one of the plates is ‘subducted’ or underthrust beneath the other. Another CSIRO land resource field team mapped the ‘Safia–Pongani’ sheet area south and south-east of Mount Lamington in 1963–64. One of the six volcanoes was Manam Island, which broke out in eruption in May 1974 after a period of eight years of relative inactivity. 1976). This conclusion, however, presupposes that ash falls from the distal parts of early pyroclastic flows are not represented in the sections studied by Ruxton. Lead-Up to Independence. Figure 9.10. Did these stories carry with them accounts of the overwhelming fierceness of the devastating eruption at Mount Victory together with a derived understanding of ‘the origin of death, warfare, [and] fire’? They are small, geologically youthful extrusions of lava that have formed domes and coulées, together with a few small cones probably made up of ash and other types of pyroclastic material. Water vapour is seen rising from the summit of Mount Sumbiripa, previously known as Mount Lamington. Numerous artificial explosions were fired from ships at sea to the north-east (in the Solomon Sea) and south-west (in the Coral Sea), and the seismic signals were recorded at the land-based stations. Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea.… The photograph was taken by J.E. Ruxton (1966a) collected about 300 ash samples for later laboratory study of grain size and mineral content, but even these did not help greatly in distinguishing marked differences between the different ashes in any one section or between sections. The Next 10 Days: Disaster Relief and Controversy, 7. We found that the climactic phase of the eruption was triggered by a relatively small gravitational collapse of the old intracrater lava dome (debris avalanche V=0.02-0.04 cub. 2019). Three days later there was a violent eruption when a large part of the northern side of the mountain was blown away and steam and smoke poured from the gap for a considerable time afterwards. Both of the active volcanoes of Lamington and Victory are at the south-western margin of a ‘Solomon Sea’ plate where there is no active subduction (Figure 9.9). Victory is much further from the Owen Stanley Range. Figure 9.2. All of the ashes were of the air-fall type and none were recognised as having been deposited by pyroclastic flows. Schwimmer’s comprehensive and insightful publications represent an important benchmark study of the mountain Orokaiva 15 years after the 1951 eruption (Schwimmer 1969, 1973, 1977). The second question is answered affirmatively today by the Orokaiva and some speak bitterly about the failure of the colonial administration to evacuate people (Stead 2018). #1 Mount Lamington Mountain Elevation: 1680 m Updated: 2019-05-17 Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea. Jim Sinclair, a kiap who would later become well known as an author and historian of Papua New Guinea, went to the Northern District at the end of 1952 just before Christmas:. Mount Lamington began to erupt on the night of 18 January 1951. These broadscale geological or regional-tectonic relationships would form the basis for later discussions on why and how Lamington came to have grown at that particular place. Ingleby (1966) provided a description of the Lamington area as it was in 1966. These and other vertical faults in the area were considered to represent evidence for pronounced uplift in geologically recent times, and to be associated with ‘block-faulted’ terrain such as Ruxton (1966a) had mapped in the Managalase area. This was on the basis of only thin ash layers being preserved on nearby Trafalgar volcano (after Haantjens et al. The Finding of Ok Tedi. Many pits and auger holes had to be dug and sections along footpaths scraped away to reveal the ash layers, and only the upper sixth of the ash mantle was studied in detail anyway. The length of each sector is proportional to the time that winds blow in the plotted direction during this period. The survey methodology adopted by CSIRO was innovative. There are, however, minor signs of reoccupation beginning to take place. The old sites of the Higaturu Government Station, Sangara Mission and nearby villages are not on the map. Waiko 2003). Summary: Mt. The survey teams used new, cloud-free aerial photography as a basis for the mapping, and they defined and mapped so-called ‘land systems’—that is, areas or an area where there is a recurring pattern of ‘land units’, each with its own distinctive combination of topography, soil and vegetation. The eruption of Mt Lamington on Sunday 21 January 1951 was the greatest natural disaster on Australian-administered territory of Papua New Guinea. This survey took place in 1954 but, again, the published report did not appear until 1964. The temperatures of gas- and vapour-emitting areas known as fumaroles were measured fairly regularly, and condensates of gases were collected at times (Crick 1973). ‘Kanekari’ in these stories now means the ‘separation’ of Sumbiripa rather than ‘shut in’ as in the version of the myth recorded by Amalya Cowley in January 1951. This south-western margin is defined by uncommon tectonic earthquakes, many of which take place below the Owen Stanley Range. Marsh made two decisions: first, to have the individual white crosses removed from the park; second, for the accompanying identification plaques at each of the former burial sites to be shifted to the centre of the park near the generic memorial plaque. Revenge aimed against the Europeans and the tyranny of the hangings does not seem to have been an anti-colonial expression of the cult, although such a justification was warranted. First, the ash cover was not well exposed because of the extensive tropical vegetation. The Wanigela–Cape Vogel area immediately south-east of Mount Lamington was the second area to be studied. The equipment on Mount Lamington is here being inspected by an RVO field team in 1972. Science, in fact, underpinned a fourth explanation for the disaster, but one that was held by only a minority of Orokaiva. The cycle is far too elaborate to be explained as a recent development. The ridges or interfluves between the valleys, however, are not necessarily safer places during larger eruptions where widespread hot ‘ash hurricane’ may blanket much larger areas, as on 21 January 1951. Unfortunately, until 1951, residents of the surrounding Oro province thought it was just a wooded mountain top, ( an area covered with woods). How were the remains identified? Figure 9.8. Schwimmer 1969, 1977). Ruxton also recognised that he was studying ash sequences on only one side of the volcano, and that sequences elsewhere, deposited by different winds, might be quite different. A fourth aspect of the CSIRO study of Mount Lamington is the determination of the times and rates at which different plant species recovered in the disaster area. The PDC deposit, which is still well-preserved, was studied in 2 profiles, which are parallel to the longest axis of the surge propagation. The forested peak of the volcano had not been recognised as such until its devastating eruption in 1951 that caused about 3,000 deaths. These volcanic features appeared to have been built against a larger, parabolic, south-east facing crater wall. They were from the Research School of Pacific Studies (RSPAS) at ANU in Canberra, and they established in 1961 a New Guinea Research Unit (NGRU) (May 2006). Other research personnel arrived in Port Moresby from Australia in the early 1960s. Each of three ‘depositional units’ in the upper-ash cover probably had durations of about 4–5,500 years, and separated by about 1,000 years in inactivity. A second version of this explanation noted by Schwimmer derives not from the mountain Orokaiva but from the coastal Yega people who were traditional enemies of the now decimated ‘inlanders’. This was not the first time that ANU RSPAS researchers had shown an interest in the Territory. There are differences, however, between the two volcanoes. Such disparate opinions are part of a more complex situation of remembrance and opinion that depend on context (Stead 2018). In the meantime, one of the BMR geologists, Ian E.M. Smith, was taking a particular interest in all of the volcanic rocks, of different ages, in eastern Papua (e.g. Both Sivepe and Inonda had been studied previously by land use researchers from the NGRU. Other lava domes on Victory were found to the south-west and north-east of the summit on a line that extended towards Mount Trafalgar. Eleven different ‘units’ are distinguished in this map of the ‘Lamington’ land system (number 9) by Haantjens et al. Deeper structures, such as any seismically inactive subducted slabs, could not be determined by the survey. The collapse was followed by vertical explosive fountain which was not buoyant and formed a pyroclastic density current (PDC). The word ‘smoke’ in this context could easily be equated with actual eruptive activity. They were true, … The other three are Hydrographers Range, Mount Trafalgar, and Mount Victory. Pre-eruption mythology does seem to have evolved to something different and more substantial after the 1951 eruption. The road then runs past the Embi Lakes to the coast of Oro Bay. The mountain, in three of the versions, begins to rise because Sumbiri, ignoring a taboo, had sex with his wife. What are the factors that control the frequency, size and timing of major eruptions? The surface layers at the site were identified as weathered volcanic ash, four of which were the ash ‘depositional units’ that Ruxton had recognised and named previously on the Managalase Plateau south-east of Lamington (White, Crook and Ruxton 1970). Lamington is a major andesite volcano which is located in an area without a Benioff-Wadati zone. Its chief minister was Michael Somare, leader of the clearly nationalistic Pangu Pati. The whole Territory took a major step towards its new status of nation-state when, in 1972, a national coalition government was formed. The road turns abruptly northwards, avoiding a river ‘double crossing’ at that point, and splitting into different parts near plantation blocks at Sangara, one road swinging southwards past the old, now disused, wartime airstrip that had operated during the disaster relief phase in 1951. Paulus Arek, who was born in Wanigela, had been the headmaster at the Popondetta primary school and, in 1968, he nominated for the Ijivitari Open electorate (Langmore 1993). Part of the CSIRO land use map. Figure 9.6. The cult appears to have been politically benign—simply a magico-religious means of acquiring the same European knowledge that yielded wealth not yet possessed by the Yega (Schwimmer 1977). The character of the upper-ash layers corresponded to ‘a discontinuous pattern of eruptive activity … an alternation of series of closely spaced larger explosions and periods with much smaller explosions or quiescence’ (Ruxton 1966a, 63). The age of Mount Lamington as a whole is probably less than 110,000 years—most likely within the range of 80–100,000 years. The width of the outlined box from this map by Haantjens et al. Lamington's summit contains ragged peaks and a … The map can also be taken as marking the end of the disaster recovery phase of the 1951–52 eruption but only in the sense that recovery and resettlement gradually migrate into future development strategies informed by the experiences of the past. The volcano rises to 1680 m above the coastal plain north of … As many as 30 land systems were identified in the Buna–Kokoda area, for example. Mount Lamington, therefore, was not conforming to the subduction zone model, meaning that generalisations about the behaviour of explosive volcanoes at subduction zones elsewhere could not necessarily be transferred to Lamington. Lamington's summit contains ragged peaks and a … The Orokaiva would have believed that they had violated an agreement and, accordingly, that the volcanic disaster was a reciprocating punishment. Zwartko. B.P. Further, staff of the Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries were reported as having been withdrawn from the Northern District ‘once the need for producing food for relief measure had passed … Interest waned and was reported to be “completely dead” in 1953’ (Waddell and Krinks 1968, 16). These facts appear clearly from the cycle of myths, centred on the Mountain, collected by me in the vernacular in 1966–1967. Kururi cone on the Managalase Plateau. The January 21, 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua New Guinea, completely devastated an area of 230 km2 and killed 2500 people (Taylor 1958). This sketch was drawn in 1969 on the label of a powdered milk container provided by an Orokaiva landowner called Barnabas who used only local names for the numerous peaks. Fundamental questions of causation needed to be explained. Taylor’s unexpected death in 1972 represented the end of a pioneering, postwar period for volcanologists working in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. The deposit and the tree blow-down features demonstrate many similarities with those of blast-generated PDCs of Bezymianny in 1956 and Mount St. Helens in 1980. There would be, nevertheless, a considerable amount of further interest paid to Lamington volcano over the next 20 years—up to the time of self-government for Papua and New Guinea in 1973—and, further, to 1975 when Papua New Guinea achieved independence from Australian rule. Further, had the reduction of conflicts between Orokaiva groups and the construction of the road between the coast and Kokoda across the slopes of Lamington—Monckton’s ‘Yodda Road’ to the goldfields—brought about by the colonists provided greater opportunities for the sharing of information and stories across Orokaiva country? He was sympathetic with the nationalistic views of the Pangu Pati but became a member of Julius Chan’s People’s Progress Party. Vegetation is now extensive on the outer flanks of the volcano, but less so on the lava dome and amphitheatre walls. This was the dominant theme during the anthropological investigations undertaken in 1951 by Cyril Belshaw and Felix Keesing, neither of whom mention Sumbiripa by name in their separate reports. [1964b] 2010b). Kururi’s name, then, can be added to the list of volcanoes in Papua known to have been historically active up to 1951—Victory, Goropu, Lamington and Kururi. The summit lava dome in the avalanche amphitheatre of Mount Lamington is seen clearly in this photograph taken from the south in 1962 (Scofield 1962). Pacific Islands Monthly 1951f), and persuading administration staff to occupy positions at Popondetta must have been inherently problematic. Mount Lamington is a 1,680 meter-high volcano in Papua New Guinea. 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